摘要

谭旭运

贫富差距问题仍是我国当前面临的一个重大社会问题。本报告通过分析2022年中国社会心态调查中的相关数据，探讨不同性别、不同年龄、不同户口、不同常住区域、不同主客观社会阶层民众对贫富背后原因的认知。结果发现，大部分群体对贫穷和富有的归因均表现出内归因倾向，但在内归因倾向程度上存在差异。民众对富有比对贫穷表现出更强的内归因倾向；男性比女性，外地户口民众比本地户口民众，市/县城边缘城区民众比农村区域民众，在贫穷和富有上均表现出更强的内归因倾向；从主观社会下层、中下层到中层/中上层，民众的内归因倾向越来越强，但主观社会上层民众的贫富归因认知例外，上层民众认为内部因素和外部因素都很重要，而没呈现那么强的内归因倾向。此外，主客观社会下层民众认为贫穷或富有主要由外部因素造成，而没有表现出内归因倾向。总之，民众整体贫富归因状况较好，应倡导全面、客观的贫富归因方式；加强对社会下层民众贫富内归因的引导，改善下层民众对贫穷的认知模式，减少其心理上对外部因素的依赖；倡导民众更全面和客观地认知贫穷的原因；关注市中心和农村区域民众的归因状况。

Abstract

The gap between the rich and poor is still a major social problem in our country at present. Based on the 2022 Chinese Mentality Survey，this report aims to explore the attribution tendency of the rich-poor gap in subjective/objective social classes，gender，age and other socio-demographic variables. The results show that most groups represent internal attribution tendency for poor and rich，but there were differences in the degree of internal attribution tendency. People show a stronger tendency of internal attribution for being rich than for being poor. The internal attribution tendency in rich and poor was stronger in men than in women，in migrant residents than in local residents，and in city/county edge urban residents than in rural residents. From the lower，middle and lower classes to middle/upper classes of subjective society，people’s internal attribution tendency becomes stronger，but the upper class of subjective society thinks that both internal and external factors are important，and does not show such a strong internal attribution tendency. In addition，the lower classes of subjective and objective society believe that rich or poor was mainly caused by external factors，and does not show an internal attribution tendency. It can be seen that people’s overall attribution to the rich and poor is well. In future，we should advocate comprehensive and objective attribution methods；strengthen the guidance of the internal attribution of the poor of the low class of society；improve the cognitive model of the poor of the low class，and reduce their psychological dependence on external factors；and focus on the attribution status of people in urban center and rural areas.